And, judging from the way things are going, he must have the support of Dick Cheney in order to be prevailing. For Colin Powell, whose own reputation as a man of infinite moderation is extremely dear to him, the business of coalition-building in the Arab world is of much greater importance. Those who had a pre-existing resentment against Saddam Hussein, for example, or against Syria and the Hezbollah, are taking the chance to push their preferred bugbears.Īt the defence department, a faction most identified with assistant secretary Paul Wolfowitz has been pressing for an assault on Iraq and - while he is about it - the forces of Hezbollah. Troubling times for the Washington hawks It is noticeable that in today's Washington the recent and the local and the immediate are the determinants of policy. If my speculation is correct, then whoever wanted to destroy the hearts of New York and Washington was animated by something more than a recent grievance over the West Bank or the Iraqi sanctions. (The forces of the Islamic Jihad in Gaza once published a statement saying that they could not be satisfied until all of Spanish Andalusia had been restored to the faithful as well.) But in the Islamic world, and especially among the extremists, it is remembered as a humiliation in itself and a prelude to later ones. In our culture, the episode is often forgotten or downplayed, except by Catholic propagandists like Hilaire Belloc and GK Chesterton. The Ottoman empire never recovered from the defeat from then on it was more likely that Christian or western powers would dominate the Muslim world than the other way around. It can rightly, if tritely, be called a hinge-event in human history. Now this, of course, is not a date that has only obscure or sectarian significance. It was on Septemthat the conquering armies of Islam were met, held, and thrown back at the gates of Vienna. It was only since the end of the 19th century that today's croissants are made from a fine layered yeast-leavened dough.I now think I can provide a more persuasive explanation, however. In the beginning, the croissants were made from a yeast dough (brioche), and they were named after the shape of the waxing moon (croissant de Lune). Through her, the crescent shape of kipferl allegedly came in the 18th century to the French court. Marie Antoinette, a daughter of the Austrian Empress Maria Theresa, was married to a French king Louis XVI.
It is strongly believed that the Austrian kipferl served as a model for a French croissant. In the written documents, the curved pastry was first mentioned in the 12th century. Some historians believe that the origin of kipferl goes back to the monastery bakeries, that were the first bakeries. Even in the monasteries, the croissant-shaped rolls were baked for Easter. Instead, the kipferl is much older, and it dates even back to the pagan times when it was baked as a part of pagan customs. The fact that the shape of kipferl is related to the Turkish crescent is not enough. However, the historians can‘t prove the authenticity of this legend. They had sounded the alarm and thus significantly contributed to the rescue of Vienna. Another legend involving the siege of Vienna says that the bakers, because they had to get up early, were the first to notice how the Ottomans wanted to gain the access to the city through a tunneling work. However, the planting of the Turkish flag had never happened because Vienna was successfully defended both times. So, every time a Viennese bites a kipferl, he eats a Turkish enemy, so to speak. Allegedly, during the Second Siege of Vienna in 1683, a Viennese master baker named Peter Wendler created a crescent-shaped pastry to mock the Turkish crescent, that they wanted to plant on the Vienna’s St. There were two unsuccessful attempts by the Ottoman Empire to capture the city of Vienna. The most interesting and most common ones involve the Turks and the medieval siege of Vienna. There are many legends on how the kipferl came to existence. The story of croissant starts in Vienna, and in order to explain it, we have to go back in history and introduce you the croissant’s grandfather - Vienna’s kipferl.
Not so many people are aware that the croissant that is now seen as a French national symbol is actually not French.
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